Handwriting examination. Handwriting examination of handwriting

It may seem that the question is idle and empty: what is the name of a handwriting expert? However, there are subtleties here, which should be taken into account by all litigants in the courts, turning to investigators and resolving their issues in a pre-trial order.

About the name of the profession exactly

Russian legal proceedings know only one type of person who is allowed to work with handwriting as a source of information in civil and criminal cases. These are handwriting experts, not graphologists. At the same time, in the mass consciousness, these names are molded almost into one whole, and it is unlikely that 95% of our fellow citizens will be able to formulate the difference. Handwriting experts do:

• clarifying the gender of those who wrote the texts;
• the establishment of individual physical defects (mutilations, features);
• clarification of the professional affiliation of the authors of the texts;
• personal identification of performers of texts and recordings.

And others"

A handwriting expert is not and cannot be engaged in establishing the mental traits of the writer (with the exception of the rarest cases). The fact is that with all the many years of efforts, for example, it was not possible to bring an indisputable scientific and methodological basis for comparing handwriting and character. Graphologists are trying to pretend that they succeeded. Although the tests say otherwise.

So who to call

Based on this, it would be completely unreasonable to file a petition in a Russian court for a handwriting examination. And the investigators do not need to ask for anything like that, since they also will not take such appeals seriously. Always and everywhere in official papers it is necessary to write only about recognized handwriting expertise!

And one more thing - one of the reasons for the inconsistency of graphology - all its recommendations and judgments are vague, and judgments about the meaning of certain signs are either not confirmed by psychological tests-comparisons, or are associated with a vague reference to "the intertwining of circumstances that only a guru can interpret" .

Handwriting examination can confirm or deny the authenticity of a signature, a short handwritten note or a handwritten text on a contract, will, statement, any other document that is important to you.

Handwriting is a system of movements fixed in the manuscript and characteristic of each writer, based on his writing and motor skill, with the help of which the writer performs conventional graphic signs. Thus, handwriting is one of the forms by which a person can be identified.

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The expert institution of the Bureau of Forensic Examinations conducts handwriting examinations of any complexity at a low cost and in a short time:

• examination of handwriting and signature;
• examination of handwritten alphabetic and/or digital records;
• judicial and non-judicial;
• primary and secondary;
• complex and commission;
• originals and copies of documents;
• for arbitration courts and courts of general jurisdiction;
• for law enforcement and government agencies;
• for individuals and legal entities.

Application for the appointment of a handwriting examination

Do you need to prepare and submit an application for the appointment of a forensic handwriting examination? Looking for where to download a sample application for handwriting examination? For more information and an example of a petition, see this section of the site.

Signature examination

The handwritten signature in the contract, power of attorney, application, receipt and other documents certified by the personal signature of an individual is examined.

Examination of the summary

A short handwritten note (~1-5 words) on any document is subject to research (signature decoding, short note decoding, examination of a handwritten note, etc.).

Handwriting examination (handwriting examination)

Handwriting examination examines a large amount of handwritten text in the original or a copy of a document, for example, the text of receipts, statements, explanatory notes and other voluminous handwritten documents.

Handwriting examination on a copy of a document

The examination is carried out on a copy of the document, the quality is not lower than average in case of impossibility to provide the expert with the original document (the document is missing, lost, damaged, etc.).

Forensic handwriting examination

Expertise is appointed in the framework of court proceedings in various categories of civil, arbitration, administrative and criminal cases, in investigative practice it is appointed by the investigator, interrogating officer, other authorized persons and bodies.

Non-judicial handwriting examination

An independent handwriting examination is performed on the basis of an application, a lawyer's request or an agreement concluded between the Forensic Examination Bureau and the Customer.

The cost of handwriting expertise

The cost of a handwriting examination depends on the deadline, the number of signatures submitted for examination and the questions posed to the handwriting expert.

We provide discounts for handwriting expertise.

Questions for handwriting examination

As part of the handwriting examination, the expert answers the questions put to him, which may relate to both the identification of the signature (handwriting) executor, and the solution of diagnostic problems (identification of confounding factors when making a signature or records). If it is impossible to answer the questions put to the expert, he gives a reasoned explanation of the reasons for the impossibility of conducting research and solving these problems.

Documents for handwriting examination

Important requirements for handwriting examination are the requirements for comparative samples of handwriting and signature. submitted for examination comparative samples must be reliably performed by the person being checked, which is confirmed in a court session, and during an extrajudicial study by the customer himself. In addition, comparative material should be sufficient for an expert/specialist to conduct a comparative study, but if the amount of comparative material is small, the expert can file a petition with the court to provide additional materials, which will allow a more complete and comprehensive study and come to a reliable conclusion based on the results of the comparison. .

Subject, objects and tasks of handwriting expertise

The subject of handwriting expertise are facts established by a handwriting expert on the basis of knowledge in the field of handwriting using approved expert techniques. As part of the handwriting examination, the expert establishes only those facts that are within the competence of the handwriting expert.

The objects of handwriting expertise include:

1. The signature, as a rule, can consist of letters, letterless elements and strokes, sometimes with elements of digital designations.
2. Short record - consists of several words or digital designations.
3. Handwritten text, fragments of text - manuscripts containing text or digital records of medium and large volume.

Handwriting expertise by tasks subdivided into identification tasks and diagnostic.

Identification tasks- these are tasks to establish a specific executor of the object of examination - a signature, text, digital recording, etc.

Diagnostic tasks- tasks to identify gender, age, conditions, condition of the performer, physical and professional characteristics.

Handwriting: signs of handwriting are divided into general and particular

• General signs of handwriting: degree of elaboration, coordination of movements, tempo and pressure characteristics, the prevailing form and direction of movements, dimensional characteristics (size, acceleration, placement), signs reflecting the spatial orientation of movements (sizes and configurations of margins, shape and direction of the lines of the base of the letter, etc. ).
• Private signs of handwriting- the most important common features of handwriting are the degree of elaboration and coordination of movements, since the state of health of the person being checked and the presence of any confusing factors (uncomfortable substrate, unusual posture, stress, alcohol or drug intoxication, etc.) significantly affect these signs , which is why the expert needs to provide data on the health status of the person being checked, age, literacy level and other information that will contribute to a more thorough investigation. When studying private signs, such indicators as their information content and stability are important. In order for particular features to be sufficient and significant, they must be rare in the handwriting of different individuals and constitute an individual set that allows the expert to draw one or another conclusion. This implies the need to provide a large number of samples of the handwriting (signature) of the person being checked, since it is possible to determine the stability of each feature only if there is sufficient comparative material.

Recently, texts written by hand have been significantly reduced due to computerization. However, it is almost impossible to oppose the signatures under the contract, power of attorney, commission, act, check, will and other documents. It is the forgery of signatures and handwriting that is becoming more common among fraudsters, in economic crimes, inheritance disputes, divorce proceedings and in other cases.

Examination of handwriting and signature at the Bureau of Forensic Examinations

The Bureau of Forensic Examinations in Moscow conducts judicial and non-judicial examinations of handwriting and signatures in a short time and at low prices. Judicial and investigative authorities, public and private organizations, as well as individuals throughout Russia trust our independent organization.

Handwriting examination in Moscow and other cities of Russia is carried out by full-time forensic experts of the Bureau of Forensic Examinations. To order an examination, please call: 8 495 120-13-28 or 8 800 500-31-28 .

Auto-forgery signatures - changes deliberately made by the performer to his signature in order to be able to refuse it.

handwriting variation- stable modification of the subject's handwriting, associated with adaptation to the conditions of execution of the manuscript.

Feature variation- the presence in the subject of various signs expressing the same qualitative property of this object (for example, the same signs of wear of the sole part of the shoe displayed in the footprint may differ depending on the degree and nature of the distortion at the time of trace formation - when standing, walking slowly , run).

Graphology- the doctrine of determining the character of a person by handwriting.

Document- a material object on which, with the help of signs-symbols, etc. elements of natural or artificial language recorded information about the facts. Distinguish between handwritten, typewritten, printing documents, audio documents, photographic and film documents, etc. In forensic science, the classification of a document is of particular importance; by legal nature - genuine and fake. An authentic document is a document made by an appropriate official (or another person on whose behalf it is executed), the content of which corresponds to reality. A document that is duly prepared but contains false information is called a forged (intellectual forgery). A forged document can completely imitate a genuine one (complete forgery) or contain changes made to it for illegal purposes (partial forgery).

Addendum- in handwriting, a method of changing the original content of a document by adding new entries or individual strokes to empty spaces in a document by hand.

Additional Signature Elements- in handwriting, strokes (combinations of strokes) of various shapes and configurations, located near the signature.

dorisovka- in the forensic examination of documents, a type of addition, in which the change in the original content of the document is carried out by adding individual strokes that change the previous letters or numbers.

Handwriting mirroring- the result of a change in the usual direction of movement to the opposite when performing a written sign as a whole or part of it; a written sign or element looks like its reflection in a mirror. Accompanies unusual left hand writing.

Identification complex of features(complex of identification features) - a set of individually defined, stable features, unique (or having a rare occurrence) in their ratio, location and other features in the compared objects.

Identification feature- an individualizing feature inherent in the compared objects and used for identification purposes.

Signature change- in handwriting distinguish between intentional (auto-forgery) and unintentional (occurs after a certain time, as well as under the influence of the so-called confusing factors).

handwriting change in handwriting, changing the signs of handwriting, imitation of the handwriting of another person, etc. - deliberate I.p. committed in order to make it difficult (impossible) to identify the performer. Unintentional I.p. associated with its formation, the influence of writing practice, age-related or painful violations of the writing skill.

Personality of handwriting- in handwriting, the uniqueness of the totality of handwriting features, an important identification quality. Used in the production of graphic examination.

Coordinate-graphic method- in handwriting science, a model method based on a probabilistic approach and experimental identification of patterns in the appearance of variants of particular features in various handwriting realizations of one person. Allows you to highlight, compare and evaluate the coincidences and (or) differences in the frequencies of occurrence of variants of particular features in the text and samples under study. Used to identify a person by handwriting

Movement coordination- in handwriting a sign of handwriting, reflecting the consistency of the movements of the writer. Depends on the level of writing and motor skills.

Underdeveloped handwriting- in handwriting studies, an unformed handwriting (the initial stage of the formation of a writing skill), characterized by a slight stability, a slow pace of writing, and low coordination of movement.

Monogram- a combination of the initial letters of the name and surname or the initials and surname of the person. In criminalistics - the object of handwriting research.

handwriting pressure- in handwriting one of the common signs of handwriting, expressing the intensity and placement of pressure in the process of writing. The overall intensity of the pressure depends on the force of pressure on the writing instrument during the execution of written characters. The placement of the pressures depends on the position of the writing instrument relative to the line of the line. It plays an important role in handwriting expertise.

The slope of the handwriting- in handwriting one of the common signs of handwriting; depends on the direction of bending movements when performing rectilinear elements. It is determined by the position of the longitudinal axes of most written characters relative to the line of the line. According to the slope, handwriting is straight, right- and left-handed.

Unusual state of execution of the manuscript- in handwriting, the state of a writer that interferes with the normal process of writing a manuscript, for example, a painful condition (diseases of the hand, eyes), a state of intoxication, etc.)

Non-destructive research methods material evidence - methods that do not affect the object in any way and do not require sample preparation for their implementation.

Stroke- in handwriting, the execution over the initial recording of strokes that repeat the configuration of characters. Fact O. is established by technical and forensic examination of documents

Conditionally free samples- in the handwriting examination, manuscripts presented to the expert as comparative material, made by the alleged executor of the object under study after the initiation of a criminal case, for which an examination was appointed. Can be performed in connection with or outside of the case. Feature O.w.s. consists in the fact that the performer may assume the possibility of using his manuscripts as comparative material in the production of an examination and, therefore, execute them with a conscious mindset to change his handwriting (signature). O.u.s can be texts, records, signatures contained in various explanations, statements, complaints, etc.

Manuscript size- in author's and handwriting expert studies, the number of written characters (alphabetic and digital designations) in the manuscript, and in the signature - and letterless elements in their various combinations and manifestations.

Letter- a means of capturing a person's thoughts with the help of language and a specially created system of symbols (written characters, writing). In criminology, it is the object of handwriting examination.

writing instrument- in handwriting, a writing instrument intended for writing a manuscript - a pen, pencil, felt-tip pen, brush, etc. In forensic studies, unusual P.p. objects that are not used in everyday life for writing (a nail, a pointed stick, a drawing pen, etc.).

Document forgery- production of false documents that completely imitate genuine ones (full P.), or making changes to the original document (partial P.).

signature handwriting- in handwriting studies, an individual and dynamically stable program of graphic writing technique, which is based on the image of signatures, implemented using a system of movements.

Handwriting- an individual and dynamically stable program of graphic writing technique, which is based on the visual-motor image of the execution of the manuscript, implemented using a system of movements. According to the structure, P. is distinguished: simple, to the greatest extent corresponding to the system of movements established by standard prescriptions; simplified - deviating from prescriptions in the direction of reducing the complexity of the system of movements; complicated - deviating from prescriptions in the direction of complicating movements. In criminalistics, it serves as the subject of study of handwriting, the object of study of handwriting expertise.

Judicial handwriting- a branch of forensic technology that studies the patterns of handwriting and the process of its study, means and methods for solving problems of handwriting examination.

Handwriting expertise- a type of forensic examination, the subject of which are facts related to the execution of handwritten texts, signatures, digital records. Solves identification, diagnostic and classification problems.

Signs of handwriting- Expressed (materialized) in manuscripts, handwriting examinations are informative from the point of view of solving problems.

Handwriting scatter- modification of a sign in manuscripts made by one person, within one variant.

Overclocking handwriting- one of the common signs of handwriting, characterized by the ratio of the width of written characters to their height and the distance between them; According to R.p. handwriting is divided into three groups: compressed handwriting (small R.p.) - the width of lowercase characters is less than the height, their ratio is approximately 1:1.5; average handwriting - the height of lowercase characters is approximately equal to their width or the width of the characters is approximately equal to the size of the intervals between them (it occurs most often); sweeping handwriting (large R.p.) - the ratio of the width of lowercase characters to their height is greater than 1, i.e. the width is greater than the height of the letters.

handwriting size- one of the common signs of handwriting, depending on the length of vertical movements. It is determined by the height of lowercase letters: large - the height of the letters is 5 mm or more, medium - from 2 to 5 mm, small - up to 2 mm. R.p. - unstable sign.

Handwriting development- reproduction by an expert of the characteristic features of handwriting in the studied manuscript and samples for subsequent comparative research and evaluation. It is carried out in handwriting examination, as well as in the identification study of typewriters, seals and stamps, cash registers and other printing devices, where it is called the development of features.

Manuscript- a materialized product of the writing process based on a writing-motor skill, as a rule, a carrier of handwriting realization.

Confounding factors- in handwriting studies, unusual conditions for the execution of a manuscript that disrupt the writing process and cause changes in handwriting implementations that are not characteristic of the usual handwriting of the performer. Taken into account in expert studies.

Coherence of handwriting- in handwriting, the ability of the writer to perform in a continuous movement more or less elements of written characters without tearing the writing instrument from the paper. There are highly connected handwritings (more than 5-6 letters are performed in continuous movement), medium in coherence (3-4 letters) and jerky - no more than three elements (1-2 letters) are performed in continuous movement. Depends on the development of handwriting, on the pace of writing and coordination of movements when performing written characters; is a stable feature and is used for identification purposes.

Difficulty of handwriting- one of the common signs of handwriting, closely related to the degree of its development; simplification or complication of the structure of written characters and their relationships in comparison with accepted norms (standard copybooks). Simplifications are expressed in the loss of individual elements of written characters or in a reduction in their size, or in the straightening of oval movements and the introduction of simplified structures of written characters into the manuscript, which reduces the clarity and legibility of handwriting (simplified handwriting). Complications are expressed in additional elements of written characters that are not provided for in writing, in a sharp change in the direction of movement, the appearance of pretentiousness in handwriting (complicated handwriting). Handwriting, in which there are no both simplified and complicated movements, the appearance of which is close to typical writing, is called simple.

stereotypical handwriting- in handwriting studies, reproducibility in handwriting realizations of handwriting features of a certain person in the same variants with a minimum of scatter of features.

Similar Signatures- in handwriting signatures of different persons, in which the transcription, the degree of development ™, general and a number of private signs coincide (for example, signatures of relatives, namesakes, signatures containing the same letter and stroke combinations).

Similar handwriting- handwritings of different persons, in which common and a certain amount of particular features coincide. The similarity can be: minimal (general and individual common, often occurring, particular signs coincide); medium degree (in addition to the general ones, a significant part of the common private signs also coincides); maximum (general and most of the particular features coincide, including rare ones).

The pace of movement when writing- a sign of handwriting, reflecting the speed of the manuscript: habitual, accelerated, slow, uneven pace. Studied in handwriting.

Technical signature forgery- a special term denoting the execution of a signature on behalf of another person using various devices and methods that make it possible to achieve a great resemblance to the original.

Transcription in handwriting, the composition of the signature, a certain sequence of execution of the elements of the signature. Types of T.: alphabetical - the signature consists only of letters; letterless, dashed - the signature consists of strokes that do not form letters; mixed - the signature consists of both letters and non-letter elements. Used for personal identification.

Facsimile 1) exact reproduction of the graphic original (document, manuscript, signature) by photographic or printed method; 2) cliche-printing, reproducing the formation of handwriting - the process of handwriting formation as a result of training and writing practice.

Expert Graphic Detailing- in handwriting analysis of handwriting implementations in order to search for and identify the signs of handwriting contained in them. It consists in the selection of elements and parts of elements (strokes) of images that are accessible to visual perception and fixation in expert development.

Element of a written sign- in handwriting, an integral part of an alphabetic or digital image, with the loss of which a letter or number loses its meaning. The basis for dividing into elements is a break or a change in the direction of movement that reproduces a written sign.

Handwriting examination is one of the numerous list of examinations carried out in forensic practice. It is needed in order to verify the authenticity of the signature put under this or that document, as well as to determine the author of the handwritten note.

Conducting a handwriting examination is a necessity to establish a falsified entry, which is made in imitation of someone else's handwriting.

History of appearance

Human handwriting has been studied since ancient times. The study of the laws of writing began in ancient Rome. Forensic handwriting examination was carried out in the 5th-6th centuries in the Byzantine courts. It was under Emperor Justinian.

Handwriting expertise in Russia is first mentioned in court records dating back to the 15th century. However, its reliability was extremely low. This fact can be associated with high bias and insufficient competence of experts. An adequate methodology for conducting this study was proposed only four centuries later. Its author was the French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon, who served in the prefecture of Paris.

A hundred years later, experts armed themselves with various technical means. Modern devices have taken the study of handwriting authenticity to a whole new level. To date, this expertise is in the list of the most reliable. Its reliability approaches 99%. Conducted handwriting examination allows to identify with high reliability:
- the psychological and physical condition of the writer;
- prescription of the signature and its authorship;
- number of copies of the manuscript, etc.

Purpose of handwriting expertise: object of study

For the examination, it is necessary to provide materials such as:
- voluminous manuscripts in the form of letters and diaries;
- short notes in the form of drawings, numbers, symbols, signatures.

Subject of study

Each person develops a relatively stable system of movements performed by him, which is reflected in his manuscripts. This is the individual handwriting of each of us, which, if necessary, is the subject of research.

A person does not learn to write immediately. The process of obtaining this skill is quite long and requires constant training. Separate individual signs of handwriting appear in students of grades 3-4. However, rather stable signs of writing are formed somewhat later. This happens in the 5th or 6th grade. It is during this period that a person brings to automatism that system of motor skills that are due to the work of the central nervous system of his body.

Handwriting expertise distinguishes between:
- skills of a technical nature, characterizing the landing of a person when writing, the angle of the paper, as well as holding a pen or other writing medium;
- skills of a graphic type, indicating the individual reproduction of written characters, as well as their combination;
- skills related to writing, capable of showing the literacy of sentence and text construction, as well as the richness of a person's vocabulary.

The whole set of graphic and technical skills that find their reflection in manuscripts and characterize handwriting. Of course, there are many different objective and subjective factors that can cause it to change. However, the dynamic stereotype of movements developed over a long period of time remains generally unchanged. This means that the forensic handwriting examination will give the correct answer even if the author tries to deliberately distort the text or signature.

Research stages

Forensic handwriting examination is carried out in several stages. First of all, the received materials are subjected to a preliminary study. Next, a separate analysis of the received samples and documents is carried out. Only then does a comparative study and evaluation of their results become possible.

preliminary study

At the first stage, the specialist checks whether the resolution on handwriting examination is correctly drawn up, and also assesses the presence of all the materials listed in it. In case of finding any errors and inaccuracies, all documents are returned to the sender.

The task of the expert at the preliminary stage also includes familiarization with the decision of the investigator in terms of understanding the questions posed to him. This makes it possible to establish the boundaries and objectives of the study. If the decision to conduct a handwriting examination contains questions that are beyond the competence of a specialist, then he must refuse to complete the task. It also happens that in order to carry out a study, the help of specialists in the field of printing, physics, chemistry, etc. is needed. In such cases, the examination should be comprehensive.

The resolution on the appointment of a handwriting examination must contain unambiguously formulated questions. Otherwise, the task must be specified. To do this, the expert must make a clarifying request to the investigator.
The last stage of the preliminary stage is the preparation of a plan for further work.

Separate study

After drawing up a work plan, a detailed study of the document is carried out. The essence of this stage lies in the separate study of the individual features of the handwriting sample of the disputed manuscript and their comparison with the text displayed by the suspect.

During a separate study, the expert identifies the identification features present in the objects under study. From the whole mass, the specialist must identify the essential ones and determine the percentage of their stability.

Handwriting examination of a signature or text begins with an analysis of general features. It includes identifying the degree of elaboration of the writing movements that were used to compile the disputed manuscript. These results are compared with handwriting samples of the tested person. Moreover, if the expert already at this stage sees obvious differences in the degree of development, then he can consider his study completed. If necessary, a study of particular signs of writing a text is carried out. They find their expression in combinations of letters, as well as in the display of their elements.

comparative study

At this stage, the expert compares the handwriting used in the disputed manuscript and the sample handed over by the investigator. At the same time, specialists are required to:
- find matching features between two visually different handwritings;
- to detect differences in samples similar in appearance;
- compare existing objects, taking into account the impact on the writing person, changing circumstances, etc.

Conducting a comparative study should be objective and complete. Just paying attention to differences and similarities in handwriting is not enough. The expert must identify all the available signs. Only their totality will make it possible to come to the most correct conclusion about the absence or presence of identity.

Evaluation of results

The response to a petition for a handwriting examination is a very important step for a specialist. The quality of all previously done work will largely depend on it. Evaluation of the results of the study of objects is a complex act of understanding the qualitative and quantitative certainty of differing and coinciding features. Conclusions about the absence or presence of identity of handwriting samples should be made by a specialist on the basis of the results obtained by him. The results of such work will be further evaluated by the investigator and the court in combination with many other evidence that was collected in a particular case.

Use of technical means

Modern forensic handwriting examination is carried out using various instruments. So, at the stage of comparative and separate analyzes, a stereoscopic microscope helps a specialist. For accurate results, use:
- computer programs;
- large-scale surveys;
- television installations.

All these technical devices make it possible to identify traces of strokes, slow movements, and also contribute to the study of various graphic features of human writing. To determine the pressure, the Densitron system has been created and is successfully operating.

In cases where handwriting examination is carried out on small graphic material, modern computer technologies are used. These are situations where brief records (including digital ones), signatures, etc. are being investigated. Computer technologies expand the amount of information. This happens due to the smallest quantitative characteristics of writing a text that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Measuring and statistical methods

If necessary, mathematical science comes to the aid of experts. It offers criminalists the use of specially developed measuring and statistical methods. One of them is the analysis of variance method. The application of this technique allows you to determine whether the letters of the same name, written in a different style, belong to the same handwriting.

Expert opinion

Upon completion of the work on the identification of the handwriting, a document is drawn up, to which certain requirements are imposed. The conclusion of the expert without fail contains specific substantiated conclusions and gives full and detailed answers to the questions posed by the investigator. At the same time, it should be written intelligibly, clearly, clearly and using uniform and correct terminology. It should be borne in mind that the expert opinion should not contain a legal qualification of the acts committed, such as intent, forgery, etc.

The work done can be accepted only if its conclusions are based on scientific observations and provisions, and also follow from those data that are sufficient for a conclusion.

Independent Research

Handwriting examination is carried out not only in the framework of the trial. It can be initiated by the client to protect their rights. In addition, organizations or citizens have the right to make an application to the court for an examination in a non-state institution. Such actions require the preservation of a certain order. So, the court must receive data on the professional level of the expert.

A specialized organization must confirm that it will conduct a handwriting examination. The average cost of such services is:
- for the study of one signature - about 12,000 rubles;
- for the examination of two signatures - 16,000 rubles;
- handwritten text identification - 15,000 rubles. for one sheet.