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Source: Wikipedia
Alexander Selkirk is a Scottish sailor who spent 4 years and 4 months (in 1704-1709) on the uninhabited island of Mas a Tierra (now Robinson Crusoe in the Juan Fernandez archipelago) in the Pacific Ocean, 640 kilometers from the coast of Chile. Served as a prototype of Robinson Crusoe - the literary hero of the novel by Daniel Defoe.
The 27-year-old boatswain of the Sankpore, which was part of the flotilla under the command of William Dampier, set off for the shores of South America in 1704. Hot-tempered and wayward, he constantly came into conflict with the captain of the ship, Stradling. After another quarrel that took place near the island of Mas a Tierra, Selkirk demanded to be dropped off; the captain immediately granted his request. True, later the sailor asked the captain to cancel his order, but he was inexorable, and Selkirk was able to leave the island only after more than four years.
Alexander Selkirk had some things necessary for survival: an ax, a gun, a supply of gunpowder, etc. Suffering from loneliness, Selkirk got used to the island and gradually acquired the necessary survival skills. At first, his diet was meager - he ate shellfish, but over time he got used to it and found feral domestic goats on the island. Once upon a time, people lived here who brought these animals with them, but after they left the island, the goats became wild. He hunted them, thereby adding much-needed meat to his diet. Soon Selkirk tamed them and received milk from them. From vegetable crops, he found wild turnips, cabbages and black peppers, as well as some berries.
Rats were a danger to him, but fortunately for him, wild cats, previously brought by people, also lived on the island. In their company, he could sleep peacefully without fear of rodents.
Selkirk built himself two huts out of pimento officinalis. His gunpowder supplies ran low and he was forced to hunt goats without a gun. While pursuing them, he once became so carried away by his pursuit that he did not notice the cliff from which he fell and lay like that for some time, miraculously surviving.
In order not to forget the English speech, he constantly read the Bible aloud. Not to say that he was a pious person - that's how he heard a human voice. When his clothes began to wear out, he began to use goatskins for them. As the son of a tanner, Selkirk knew well how to dress skins. After his shoes wore out, he did not make himself new ones, because his feet, rough with calluses, allowed him to walk without shoes. He also found old barrel hoops and was able to make something like a knife out of them.
One day, two ships arrived on the island, which turned out to be Spanish, and England and Spain were enemies in those days. Selkirk could have been arrested or even killed, since he was a privateer, and he made the difficult decision for himself to hide from them.
Salvation came to him on February 1, 1709. It was the English ship the Duke, with Captain Woodes Rogers, who named Selkirk the governor of the island.
Reading speed is tested not only in elementary school. Many learners of speed reading also ask this question. There are special programs that will help you test your reading speed.
Reading speed can be checked using special programs that can be downloaded on the Internet. A person can test his reading speed at any age.
In this article we will talk about how to check the reading speed.
Most people read between 200 and 250 words per minute. Speed reading is effective speed reading without reducing the perception of the text. The essence of the method is to abandon articulation, that is, the internal pronunciation of the words read.
If you are looking for information on how to check your reading speed, then you may be interested in related information:speed reading- this is a set of text manipulations that can significantly increase the reader's reading speed without a significant loss of understanding of the article read. By the way, it should be borne in mind that there is no clear division between "normal" and "high-speed" methods of perception of information for the reason that many readers use suitable reading techniques for them.The main features of speed reading
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Reading speed can be calculated using the formula:
V=Q*K/T,
Where V- reading speed (signs/min);
Q- number of characters in the text (volume);
T - time spent reading the text, min;
TO - comprehension ratio.
Throughout the entire course of study, when mastering speed reading on your own, you will have to determine the speed of reading using this formula. We advise you to record the results of measuring the speed of reading control texts in each lesson in your approximate plan for mastering the technique of speed reading.
How to determine the amount of text to read
How to determine the amount of readable text? As you already know, we define the amount of text in characters, which is understood as each letter, number, punctuation mark, each space. between words. The control texts that we will offer you in the book are always accompanied by data on their length. But you should be able to determine the volume of any text yourself. It is very easy to do this. Let's give examples.
How to determine the volume of a book or magazine page? The easiest way is the following. At the end of the book, in the so-called imprint, contains information about its volume in the accounting and publishing sheets. Each accounting and publishing sheet contains approximately 40,000 characters. Thus, knowing the volume of the book and the number of pages, you can always calculate the number of characters on one page.
For example, let's take the textbook Tsvetkov L. A. Inorganic Chemistry. - M., 1983. Its volume is 13.1 publishing sheets, the number of pages is 206. The volume of one page:
(13.1x40000) /206=2544 characters.
Similarly, the volume of text is calculated in magazines. The number of characters in a newspaper article is calculated as follows. It is necessary to determine the number of characters in one to three lines and take the arithmetic mean, then count the number of lines and sum up the total. For example, in the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" in one line, as a rule, 25 characters. Knowing the number of characters, you can calculate the amount of text:
text size = 25 x number of lines.
Not enough these days have information approximately and partially. Requirement contemporary world - a tenacious mind, a good memory, the ability to quickly assimilate and process new information.
Expanding the angle of view
Speed Reading Secrets
Information not passed through internal filters is an empty phrase. Think about what is important in what you read. How will you remember information when you forget it. For example, I know for sure that I will forget the schedule of official institutions, banks, post offices. So I made it a rule to take photos of the institution's schedule and put the photos on the computer. Now the recall process takes place in a couple of clicks.
More emotions while reading! It helps me remember information!
Try to connect the information you read with what you already know. The more you read, the better reader you become. Feed your mind with books.
Reflect in your mind what you read. Pass text through internal filters. Form your own opinion. Speak out and get cuffs and gingerbread. If you are a shy person, then you can veil your opinion with the words "Ah, they think so." "And I read that." If you are told that this is not the correct opinion, then you can laugh together at the "third" from whom you heard the opinion.
On Sunday afternoon, on Primorskaya Square, Papa Carlo, as always, began to turn the handle of an old hurdy-gurdy. The sounds of a song, known both big and small, poured out: I was a log, I became a boy, I got a smart book. This is very good, even very good! Malvina sold tickets, Piero and Artemon helped the audience find their seats. It was the same theater "Lightning" that Pinocchio and his friends discovered when they opened the secret door with a golden key and went down the steep stone stairs. Now the theater stood on Primorskaya Square, and a long line of boys and girls stretched to the box office, wanting to watch a merry comedy about how a wooden man managed to outwit the evil Karabas Barabas.
The old puppet theater of Signor Karabas Barabas was located on the same square. It also opened, but the hall was empty, tickets were bought by only three people, and even then - visitors.
After all the puppet artists fled to the theater of Papa Carlo, Karabas Barabas recruited a new troupe. Fox Alice became a cashier. Leech seller Duremar performed on stage with trained frogs and a toad choir called "Quaktet". Basilio the Cat was originally a white mouse tamer. But for some reason, all the artists imperceptibly (one after another) disappeared. Now he was paired with a very famous special - the rat Shushara. Once Artemon almost strangled her, but Shushara recovered and became even angrier, so the tamer was even afraid of her.
However, there were plenty of mice and rats, toads and frogs in the city of Tarabarsk. And the inhabitants preferred to go to the theater of Papa Carlo. Karabas and his friend Duremar once tried to destroy the hated theater "Lightning". By a happy oversight, the bomb exploded near the theater, and he, except for a few small holes in the linen tent, was not injured.
There will be no second explosion.
Late in the evening of the same Sunday afternoon, behind the scenes of his theater, in front of a cold hearth, sat a gloomy Karabas. Soon the fox Alice and the cat Basilio came into the kitchen. Behind them, trying to stay in the shadows, is the culprit of the unsuccessful explosion Duremar. Karabas Barabas looked angrily at them and barked:
- Thousand devils! We must look for a way out. Otherwise, we will die of hunger!
- Exactly, - confirmed the cat Basilio.
And then the fox Alice suggested:
- And what if you try to take away the theater from Carlo, so to speak, legally? A new judge has now been appointed to the city. Let's turn to him. He will consider the complaint and, of course, take away the theater from some organ grinder without a diploma and hand it over to you - a respected doctor of puppet sciences, a holder of the highest orders, the closest friend of the Tarabar King - Signor Karabas Barabas!
- And what?! This is a thought. We must try, - the director perked up. That's what they decided on.
Where to get gold coins?
A few days later, the postman brought a subpoena to Papa Carlo - a subpoena. The old man was very surprised, but carefully cleaned his suit and went to the indicated address.
In the spacious courtroom, on a special platform, sat the judge, very important and strict. A black velvet cap with a tassel flaunted on his head, a mantle hung from his shoulders, and a heavy bronze chain glittered around his neck. It was immediately clear that it was impossible to argue with such a gentleman. In front of the judge, on a long bench sat Karabas Barabas with his company. Poor dad Carlo immediately felt uneasy.
The meeting began immediately. The judge asked the organ grinder the first question:
- Tell me, dear, how did you become the owner of the Lightning Theater. Did you build or buy it yourself? Was it given to you or bequeathed to you? And do you have a paper with a seal confirming the fact of construction, purchase, donation or will?
Papa Carlo was confused.
“No,” he answered, “I don’t have such a paper, Your Grace. We found our theater in the basement...
- So, the theater "Lightning" does not belong to you, - cut off the judge.
- He's mine, he's mine! - triumphantly yelled Karabas Barabas, who had jumped up from his seat. - I'm a doctor of puppet science...
But the judge interrupted him:
- And you, my dear, have such a paper?
- No, - Karabas was taken aback.
- All clear, - concluded the judge. - Theater "Lightning" does not belong to any of you. He is the property of the king. But you can redeem it for a thousand gold coins in the coming days. The one who brings them first will receive the theatre.
The judge stood up to signal that the session was over.
In the middle of the long ridge of the Appalachians, in southeastern Kentucky, is a small town called Harlan.
It is located on the Cumberland Plateau, in a wild land where mountain ranges are punctuated by narrow strips of valleys. The width of some of them is such that only a small river and a one-lane road can fit there. When the first settlers came to the Cumberland Plateau, the slopes of the mountains and valleys were covered with impenetrable virgin forests. Giant tulip trees reached 50 meters in height and about two meters in girth. They were surrounded by massive white oaks, beeches, maples, hazels, sycamores, birches, willows, cedars, pines and hemlocks, entangled in wild vines. Bears, cougars, and rattlesnakes abounded in the forests, squirrels frolicked in the canopy of trees, and layer after layer of coal lay beneath the topsoil. Harlan was founded in 1819 by settlers from the northern parts of the British Isles. In the XVIII century. they settled in Virginia, and then moved west towards the Appalachians in search of new lands.
The county has never been rich. During the first hundred years of its existence, the population rarely exceeded 10,000 people. The early settlers kept pigs on their small farms, herded sheep on hillsides, and struggled to make ends meet. Drinking whiskey in the backyard. Trees were felled and in the spring, when the water rose, they were rafted down the Cumberland River. Up to the XX century. the nearest railway station was two days away by wagon. And the road to the nearby town of Pine Mountain, nine miles north of Harlan, kept getting impassable.
Sherlock Holmes, in one of his stories, gave the following description of memory: “I believe that the human brain is a small empty attic, and you should furnish it with the furniture you have chosen. They mistakenly think that the room has elastic walls. It depends on her how soon the time will come for forgetting what you knew before, with each new incoming information. A person's individual experience can be called his memory. Your friends remember one thing, and you - quite another. Every memory is different. After all, it is not in vain that they say that memory is a distortion of reality, and not its reflection.
With the help of memory, we perceive and understand the world around us, navigate in space, retain and use certain knowledge and skills. The loss of a person's memory has always been tantamount to insanity.
Memory reaches the highest level of its development in humans. No other being in the world has such mnemonic abilities as he possesses. Subhuman organisms have only two types of memory: genetic and mechanical. With the help of genetic memory, vital qualities are transmitted from generation to generation, and mechanical memory contributes to the acquisition of experience and practical skills. When an organism passes away, life experience disappears with it. Social progress makes it possible to improve the process of memorization in all civilized people, to improve it in the course of familiarization with the achievements of mankind. The scientist P. P. Blonsky proved that motor, affective, figurative, logical types of memory appeared one after another - as mankind developed. Memory is the basis of human mental activity, the basis of development and learning. It plays the role of a link between the past of mankind, its present and future. Without it, it is impossible to understand the foundations of the formation of behavior, thinking, consciousness, subconsciousness.
Richard Feynman, the double-drum winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, was a cheerful man. But one day, during a period both difficult and happy, his optimism was seriously tested.
In the early 1940s Feynman's beloved wife, Arlene, was in the hospital, terminally ill with tuberculosis. The clinic was far away, and Feynman could visit his wife only occasionally, because he worked in the closed city of Los Alamos (New Mexico) on one of the most important programs of the Second World War - the secret Manhattan Project. Then Feynman was not yet famous, he was not entitled to any special privileges. In order to keep his mind busy after a day of work and distract from anxiety and boredom, Feynman began to focus on penetrating into the deepest and darkest secrets: he began to figure out how to open safes.
Becoming a successful safe opener is not easy. Feynman developed intuition, comprehended the internal structure of locks, trained his hands like a pianist, so that the fingers themselves did what they needed in the last stages, when the first numbers of the combination had already been clarified.
Later, Feynman learned that Los Alamos had hired a professional locksmith - a real expert who opened any safe in seconds. Master right in Los Alamos! Feynman realized that if he managed to make friends with this man, then all the secrets of safe locks would immediately become known to him. While Feynman was perfecting his safe-breaking skills, he managed to make friends with a professional locksmith. As time passed, some conversations were replaced by others, little by little Feynman moved from on-duty polite phrases to a discussion of professional issues, trying to penetrate deeper and deeper into the secrets of a skill that seemed perfect to him. Finally, late one night, the most valuable detail of secret knowledge became clear to him. The secret was that the master knew the default lock codes set by the manufacturers.
Simple reading speed tests conducted in schools do not determine the accuracy of skills. Experts in the field of studying speed reading methods have developed a formula by which the correct indicator is calculated.
It is presented as V = (Q/T) x K, where:
reading speed - V;
the number of characters in the text (total volume, can be measured in the number of words or characters) - Q;
time spent reading (most often in minutes) - T;
content comprehension coefficient - K.
The last item is indicated as a percentage and is calculated based on the number of correct answers given by the content of the text.
Based on this, to independently check the speed of reading, you will need a person who will ask questions about the text. However, in modern conditions, various sites have free online tests for reading speed. With their help, you can find out the indicator through special programs and algorithms that will perform the calculations for you and provide the finished result.
Reading speed standards
Different languages have different averages. This is due to the complexity of pronunciation and the length of the words. In Russian, the norms are much lower than in English, but higher than in German. The hardness of pronunciation takes fractions of seconds, which affect the overall result. For our country, the norms for reading speed (to oneself, not aloud) are as follows:
very slow reading speed - up to 150 words per minute (750 characters);
slow - 150-250 (750-1250 characters);
fast - 250-500 (1250-2500 characters);
ultra-fast - 500-1000 (2500-5000 characters);
panoramic reading (PhotoReading) - 1000-1500 (5000-75000 characters).
The last norm is intended for a quick study of books, but does not allow you to fully understand its meaning. Only a few have the technique of panoramic reading. True, the way to master it is quite simple, but it is not easy to understand.
Historical reference
In the modern world, reading standards are much lower than 15-20 years ago. The global introduction of new technologies has caused a decline in interest in books, which has affected reading skills. From an early age, children prefer watching TV to reading. In recent years, the average has dropped by about 200 characters per minute. Given that the data is taken from people of different ages, the difference in norms among children and adolescents of a certain generation will be much greater.
Records and limits
Today, the highest result for the average person is a reading speed of up to 6000 characters per minute with a full understanding of the content of the text. However, in the Guinness Book of Records, the record holder is a student from Moscow, whose result reached 60,000 characters per minute.
In an effort to beat low scores, many resort to the so-called "quick look" method. It helps to increase the speed by 3-4 times, but the understanding reduces to 20-30%. As a result, when calculating, the result practically does not change, and the amount of perceived information is reduced to a minimum. It is better to train skills over time for your own self-development, because in the future it will become a useful skill.