The main dates on the history of Russia for the exam. Key dates in the history of Russia

The history of the Russian state has more than 12 centuries. Over the centuries, events have occurred that have become a turning point on the scale of a vast country. Top 10 important dates in the history of Russia collected in our top ten today.

Of course, such a list cannot be called exhaustive - in the richest Russian history there are more than one hundred significant days. However, we propose to start small and turn to the current ten.

September 8, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo (Battle of the Don or Mamaevo)

This battle between the army of Dmitry Donskoy and the army of Mamai is considered a turning point in more than two hundred years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The crushing defeat dealt a blow to the military and political dominance of the Horde. According to legend, the battle was preceded by a duel between the Russian hero Peresvet and the Pecheneg Chelubey.

November 24, 1480 - The fall of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The Mongol yoke was established in Rus' in 1243 and remained unshakable for 237 years. At the end of November 1480, the Great Standing on the Ugra River ended, which marked the victory of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III over the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat.

October 26, 1612 - The liberation of the Kremlin from the invaders

On this day, members of the people's militia led by the legendary Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin liberate the Kremlin from the Polish-Swedish invaders. Among those who left the Kremlin was the nun Marfa with her son Mikhail Romanov, who in 1613 was proclaimed the new Russian sovereign.

June 27, 1709 - Battle of Poltava

The largest battle of the Northern War ended with a decisive victory for the Russian army. From that moment on, the authority of Sweden as one of the leading military powers in Europe was over. But the power of the renewed Russian army was demonstrated to the whole world.

August 26, 1812 - Battle of Borodino

The largest battle of the Patriotic War lasted 12 hours. Both armies lost 25-30% of their composition. The battle was conceived by Napoleon as a general one, and the goal was a crushing defeat of the Russian army. However, the battle ended ingloriously for the French, despite the retreat of the Russians, and marked the beginning of the end of the Napoleonic campaign.

February 19, 1861 - the abolition of Russian serfdom

The freedom of the peasants was enshrined in the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II, who was popularly called the Liberator. By the time the manifesto was published, the share of serfs in the population of Russia was about 37%.

February 27, 1917 - February Revolution

An armed uprising in February 1917 led to the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II. It is these events that are considered the beginning of the Soviet period in the history of Russia. For the next 74 years, a new form of government was established in the state.

May 9, 1945 - Signing of the Act of unconditional surrender of Germany

The day of the end of the Great Patriotic War was declared a national holiday immediately in 1945. Despite the fact that the first victory parade was held in the capital on Red Square on June 24, 1945, the Russians celebrate Victory Day on May 9.

April 12, 1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight into space

The first manned flight into space was not only the most important event in the scientific world, but also significantly strengthened the prestige of the USSR as a military space power. In the eyes of the whole world, the authority of the Americans was undermined; space flight became decisive for a number of states that wavered in their sympathies between the Union and the United States.

December 8, 1991 - Signing of the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS (Belovezhskaya agreement)

The agreement was signed by three leaders: Boris Yeltsin, Stanislav Shushkevich and Leonid Kravchuk. This event can be considered the date of the final collapse of the USSR. By the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the world community and took the place of the USSR in the UN. It can be considered that from this moment the history of modern Russia began.

In the 11th grade, it is not necessary to know by heart all the dates from the textbook. It is enough to master the mandatory minimum, which, believe me, will come in handy not only in the exam, but also in life.

So, your preparation for the OGE and USE in history must necessarily include the memorization of several of the most important dates in the history of Russia. Stay up to date with the most important events in Russian history - and to make it easier to master them, you can, for example, write the entire minimum on cards and divide them by century. Such a simple step will allow you to begin to navigate the history by periods, and when you write everything on pieces of paper, you will unconsciously remember everything. Your parents and grandparents used a similar method, when there were no USE and GIA yet.

We can also advise you to say the most important dates in the history of Russia out loud and record it on a voice recorder. Listen to the resulting recordings several times a day, and best of all - in the morning, when the brain has just woken up and has not yet absorbed the usual daily dose of information.

But in no case do we recommend that you try to memorize everything at once. Have pity on yourself, no one has managed to master the entire school curriculum on the history of Russia in a day. The USE and GIA are designed to check how well you know the full course of the subject. So don’t even think of somehow deceiving the system or hoping for the students’ favorite “night before the exam”, as well as a variety of cheat sheets and “answers to the GIA and the Unified State Examination in History 2015”, which are so many on the Internet.

With leaflets, the last hope of negligent schoolchildren, it was always strict at state exams, and every year the situation becomes even more difficult. Exams in the 9th and 11th grades are held not only under the strict supervision of experienced teachers, but also under the supervision of video cameras, and you know, it is almost impossible to outwit technology.

So get enough sleep, do not be nervous, develop your memory and memorize the 35 most important dates in the history of Russia. Relying on yourself is the best thing that can help you pass the exam and the GIA.

862 Beginning of Rurik's reign
988 Baptism of Rus'
1147 First mention of Moscow
1237–1480 Mongol-Tatar yoke
1240 Neva battle
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
1480 Standing on the river Ugra. Fall of the Mongol yoke
1547 Crowning of Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom
1589 Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia
1598-1613 Time of Troubles
1613 Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
1654 Pereyaslav Rada.
1670–1671 Rebellion of Stepan Razin
1682–1725 Reign of Peter I
1700–1721 Northern War
1703 Founding of St. Petersburg
1709 Battle of Poltava
1755 Founding of Moscow University
1762– 1796 Reign of Catherine II
1773- 1775 Peasant war led by E. Pugachev
1812– 1813 Patriotic War
1812 Battle of Borodino
1825 Decembrist uprising
1861 Abolition of serfdom
1905– 1907 First Russian Revolution
1914 Russia's entry into World War I
1917 February Revolution. The overthrow of the autocracy
1917 October Revolution
1918– 1920 Civil War
1922 Formation of the USSR
1941– 1945 Great Patriotic War
1957 Launch of the first artificial earth satellite
1961 Flight Yu.A. Gagarin in space
1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
1991 Collapse of the USSR

1097 - The first congress of princes in Lyubech

1147 - The first annalistic mention of Moscow

1188 - Approximate date of appearance " Words about Igor's regiment »

1206 - Proclamation of Temujin the "Great Khan" of the Mongols and the adoption of the name of Genghis Khan by him

1237-1238 - The invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'

1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neva

1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver

1382 - Khan Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow

1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni

1480 - "Standing" on the river. Acne. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

1510 - Annexation of Pskov to Moscow

1565-1572 — Oprichnina

1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow

1606 - Uprising in Moscow and the murder of False Dmitry I

1607 - The beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II

1609-1618 – Open Polish-Swedish intervention

1611 September-October - Creation of the militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod

1648 - Uprising in Moscow - " salt riot »

1649 - "Cathedral Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

1649-1652 - Campaigns of Yerofei Khabarov to the Daurian land along the Amur

1652 - Nikon's consecration to the patriarchs

1670-1671 - Peasants' war led by S. Razina

1682 - Abolition of parochialism

1695-1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I

1812 - Napoleon's "Great Army" invades Russia. Patriotic War

1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna

1839-1843 - Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kancrina

1865 - Military judicial reform

Spring 1874 - The first mass "going to the people" of revolutionary populists

1875 April 25 - Petersburg Treaty of Russia with Japan (about South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)

1881 March 1 - The murder of Alexander II by revolutionary populists

November 9, 1906 - Beginning of the agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin

1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization

November 30, 1939 - March 12, 1940 - Soviet-Finnish war

June 22, 1941 - Nazi Germany and its allies attack the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War

1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War

1975 July 30 - August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada

1990 May 16-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia

1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the "Commonwealth of Independent States" and the dissolution of the USSR

9th century - Formation of the Old Russian state.

862 - "The calling of the Varangians" to Rus'.

862–879 - The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.

879–912 - The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.

882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.

907, 911 - Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaties with the Greeks.

912–945 - The reign of Igor in Kyiv.

945 - The uprising of the Drevlyans.

945–962 - The reign of Princess Olga in the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.

957 - Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.

962–972 - The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.

964–972 - Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav. 980–1015 - The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.

988 - Adoption of Christianity in Rus'.

1019–1054 - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.

1037 - Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.

1045 - Start of construction of the church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.

OK. 1072 - The final design of the "Russian Pravda" ("The Truth of the Yaroslavichs").

1097 - Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.

1113–1125 - The great reign of Vladimir Monomakh.

1125–1157 - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.

1136 - Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.

1147 - The first mention of Moscow in the annals.

1157–1174 - The reign of Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky.

1165 - Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.

1185 - The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

1199 - Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.

1202 - Formation of the Order of the Sword.

1237–1240 - Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Batu Khan to Rus'.

1237 - Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order. 1238, 4 March. — The Battle of the River City.

1240, 15 July. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich on the Neva River. Nicknamed Nevsky.

1240 - The defeat of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars.

1242, 5 April. - Battle on the Ice. The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipus.

1243 - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.

1252–1263 - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the grand princely Vladimir throne.

1264 - The collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.

1276 - Formation of an independent Moscow principality.

1325–1340 - The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow. 1326 - Transfer of the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, the transformation of Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.

1327 - The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.

1359–1389 - The reign of Prince (from 1362 - Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 - Donskoy) in Moscow.

OK. 1360–1430 - The life and work of Andrei Rublev.

1378 - Battle on the Vozha River.

1382 - The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.

1389–1425 - The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.

1425–1453 - Dynastic war between the sons and grandchildren of Dmitry Donskoy.

1439 - Florentine church union on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.

1448 - Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Rus'. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium. 1453 - Fall of the Byzantine Empire. 1462–1505 - The reign of Ivan III. 1463 - Joining Yaroslavl to Moscow. 1469–1472 - Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India. 1471 - Battle of the Moscow and Novgorod troops on the Shelon River. 1478 - Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow. 1480 - "Standing on the Ugra River". Liquidation of the Horde yoke. 1484–1508 - Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls. 1485 - Accession of Tver to Moscow. 1497 - Compilation of the "Sudebnik" of Ivan III. Establishment of uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the whole country, restriction of the right of a peasant to move from one feudal lord to another - a week before and a week after November 26 (St. George's Day in autumn). Late 15th - early 16th century – Completion of the process of folding the Russian centralized state. 1503 - Controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-possessors who preached the rejection of the church from all property) and hegumen Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the acquirers, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council. 1503 - Accession to Moscow of the South-Western Russian lands. 1505–1533 - The reign of Basil III. 1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow. 1514 - Accession of Smolensk to Moscow. 1521 - Accession of Ryazan to Moscow. 1533–1584 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible. 1547 - The wedding of Ivan IV the Terrible to the kingdom. 1549 - Beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors. 1550 - Adoption of the Sudebnik of Ivan IV the Terrible. 1551 - "Stoglavy Cathedral" of the Russian Orthodox Church. 1552 – Annexation of Kazan to Moscow. 1555–1560 - Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral). 1556 - Accession of Astrakhan to Moscow. 1556 - Adoption of the Code of Service. 1558–1583 - Livonian war. 1561 - The defeat of the Livonian Order. 1564 - Beginning of book printing in Rus'. The publication by Ivan Fedorov of The Apostle, the first printed book with a fixed date. 1565–1572 - Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible. 1569 - Conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Commonwealth. 1581 - The first mention of "reserved years". 1581 - Yermak's campaign in Siberia. 1582 - Signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Commonwealth. 1583 - Conclusion of the Truce of Plus with Sweden. 1584–1598 - The reign of Fedor Ioannovich. 1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Rus'. Patriarch Job. 1597 - Decree on "lesson years" (a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants). 1598–1605 - Board of Boris Godunov. 1603 - The uprising of peasants and serfs led by Cotton. 1605–1606 - The reign of False Dmitry I. 1606-1607. - The uprising of the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov. 1606–1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky. 1607–1610 - An attempt by False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushino camp". 1609–1611 - Defense of Smolensk. 1610–1613 - "Seven Boyars". 1611, March–June. - The first militia against the Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov. 1612 - The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin. 1612, 26 October. - The liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders by the Second Home Guard. 1613 - The Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty. 1613–1645 - The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. 1617 - The conclusion of Stolbovsky "eternal peace" with Sweden. 1618 - Deulino truce with Poland. 1632–1634 - Smolensk war between Russia and the Commonwealth.

Russia in the 17th–18th centuries

1645–1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. 1648 - Semyon Dezhnev's expedition along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean. 1648 - The beginning of the uprising of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine. 1648 - "Salt Riot" in Moscow. 1648–1650 - Uprisings in various cities of Russia. 1649 - Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new code of laws - the "Council Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants. OK. 1653–1656 - Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism. 1654 January 8 - Pereyaslav Council. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia. 1654–1667 - The war between Russia and the Commonwealth for Ukraine. 1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow. 1667 - The conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Commonwealth. 1667 - Introduction of the New Trade Charter. 1667–1671 - Peasant war led by Stepan Razin. May 30, 1672 – Birth of Peter I. 1676–1682 - Board of Fedor Alekseevich. 1682 - Abolition of parochialism. 1682, 1698 - Streltsy uprisings in Moscow. 1682–1725 - The reign of Peter I (1682-1689 - under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - together with Ivan V). 1686 - "Perpetual peace" with Poland. 1687 - Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. 1695, 1696 - Campaigns of Peter I to Azov. 1697–1698 - Great Embassy. 1700–1721 - North War. 1703 May 16 - Foundation of St. Petersburg. 1707–1708 - Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin. 1708, 28 September. - Battle of the village of Lesnoy. 1709 June 27. - Battle of Poltava. 1710–1711 - Prut campaign. 1711 - Establishment of the Senate. 1711–1765 – Life and work of M. V. Lomonosov. 1714 - Decree on uniform inheritance (repealed in 1731). 1714, 27 July. - Battle of Cape Gangut. 1718–1721 - Establishment of boards. 1720 - Battle of Grengam Island. 1721 - Treaty of Nystadt with Sweden. 1721 - Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia has become an empire. 1722 - Adoption of the "Table of Ranks". 1722 - Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne. 1722–1723 - Caspian campaign. 1725 - Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. 1725–1727 – The reign of Catherine I. 1727–1730 - The reign of Peter II. 1730–1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovshchina". 1741–1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. 1755 January 25 – Opening of the Moscow University. 1756–1763 - The Seven Years' War. 1757 - Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. 1761–1762 - The reign of Peter III. 1762 - "Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility." 1762–1796 - The reign of Catherine II. 1768–1774 - Russo-Turkish war. 1770 - The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Chesme and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles near the Larga and Cahul rivers. 1774 - The conclusion of the Kyuchuk Kaynarji peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war. The Crimean Khanate passed under the protectorate of Russia. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits. 1772, 1793, 1795 - Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of the Right-bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were ceded to Russia. 1772–1839 – Life and work of M. M. Speransky. 1773–1775 - Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev. 1775 - Provincial reform in the Russian Empire. 1782 - Opening of the monument to Peter I "The Bronze Horseman" (E. Falcone). 1783 - The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky treatise. The transition of Eastern Georgia under the protectorate of Russia. 1785 - Publication of letters of commendation to the nobility and cities. 1787-1791 - Russian Turkish war. 1789 - Victory of the Russian troops under the command of A. V. Suvorov at Focsani and Rymnik. 1790 - The victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria. 1790 - The publication of the book by A. N. Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow." 1790 - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail on the Danube by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov. 1791 - Conclusion of the Iasi peace following the results of the Russo-Turkish war. The accession to Russia of the Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester was confirmed. 1794 - Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko. 1796–1801 - The reign of Paul I. 1797 - Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoration of the order of succession to the throne by birthright in the male line. 1797 - Publication by Paul I of a manifesto on the three-day corvee. 1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov.

Russia in the 19th century

1801-1825 - The reign of Alexander I. 1802 - Establishment of ministries instead of collegiums. 1803 - Decree on "free cultivators". 1803 - Adoption of the charter, which introduced the autonomy of universities. 1803–1804 - The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky. 1804–1813 - Russian-Iranian war. It ended with the Peace of Gulistan. 1805–1807 – Participation of Russia in III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions. 1805 December. - The defeat of the Russian and Austrian troops in the battle of Austerlitz. 1806-1812 - Russo-Turkish war. 1807 - The defeat of the Russian army near Friedland. 1807 - Conclusion of the Treaty of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia's accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia's consent to the creation of the vassal France of the Duchy of Warsaw). 1808–1809 - Russo-Swedish war. Accession of Finland to the Russian Empire. 1810 - Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M. M. Speransky. 1812, June–December. - Patriotic war with Napoleon. 1812 - The conclusion of the Bucharest peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war. 1812, 26 August. - Battle of Borodino. 1813–1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army. 1813 - "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig. 1813 - The conclusion of the Gulistan peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war. 1814–1815 - Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Accession to Russia of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland). 1815 - Creation of the "Holy Alliance". 1815 - Granting of the Constitution by Alexander I to the Kingdom of Poland. 1816 - The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A. A. Arakcheev. 1816–1817 - Activities of the Union of Salvation. 1817–1864 - Caucasian war. 1818–1821 - Activities of the Union of Welfare. 1820 - Discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev. 1821–1822 - Formation of the Northern and Southern societies of the Decembrists. 1821–1881 - The life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky. 1825, December 14. - The uprising of the Decembrists on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg. December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826. - The uprising of the Chernigov regiment. 1825–1855 – Reign of Nicholas I. 1826–1828 - Russian-Iranian war. 1828 - The conclusion of the Turkmenchay peace following the results of the Russian-Iranian war. The death of A. S. Griboyedov. 1828–1829 - Russo-Turkish war. 1829 - The conclusion of the Adrianople peace following the results of the Russian-Turkish war. 1831–1839 - The activities of the circle of N. V. Stankevich. 1837 - Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo. 1837–1841 - Carrying out by P.D. Kiselev of the reform of the management of state peasants. 1840s–1850s — Disputes between Slavophiles and Westernizers. 1839–1843 - Monetary reform of E. F. Kankrin. 1840–1893 – Life and work of P. I. Tchaikovsky. 1844–1849 - The activities of the circle of M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. 1851 - Opening of the railway Moscow - St. Petersburg. 1853–1856 - Crimean War. 1853 November - Battle of Sinop. 1855–1881 - The reign of Alexander II. 1856 - Paris Congress. 1856 - Founding by P. M. Tretyakov of the collection of Russian art in Moscow. 1858, 1860 – Aigun and Beijing treaties with China. 1861 February 19 - The abolition of serfdom in Russia. 1861–1864 - The activities of the organization "Earth and Freedom". 1862 - Formation of the "Mighty Handful" - an association of composers (M. A. Balakirev, Ts. A. Cui, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky Korsakov, A. P. Borodin). 1864 - Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms. 1864–1885 - Accession of Central Asia to the Russian Empire. 1867 Sale of Alaska to the USA. 1869 - Discovery of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements by D. I. Mendeleev. 1870 - Reform of city government. 1870–1923 – Activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. 1873 - Creation of the "Union of the Three Emperors". 1874 - Carrying out military reform - the introduction of universal military duty. 1874, 1876 - Implementation of populists "going to the people." 1876–1879 – Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”. 1877–1878 - Russo-Turkish war. 1878 - Treaty of San Stefano. 1878 - Congress of Berlin. 1879 - The split of the organization "Land and Freedom". The emergence of the organizations "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Redistribution". 1879–1881 - The activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya". 1879–1882 - Establishment of the Triple Alliance. March 1, 1881 - Assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya. 1881–1894 - The reign of Alexander III. 1882 - Cancellation of the temporarily obligated position of the peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption. 1883–1903 - Activities of the Emancipation of Labor group. 1885 - A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory of T. S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuev (Morozov strike). 1887 - Adoption of the circular "on cook's children". 1889 - Adoption of the "Regulations on Zemstvo Chiefs". 1891–1893 - Registration of the Franco-Russian Union. 1891–1905 - Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. 1892 - Transfer by P. M. Tretyakov of his collection of Russian art as a gift to the city of Moscow. 1894–1917 - The reign of Nicholas II. 1895 - Invention by A. S. Popov of radio communication. 1895 - Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". 1897 - The first general census of the population of Russia. 1897 - Monetary reform S. Yu. Witte. 1898 - I Congress of the RSDLP. 1899 - The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on the problems of disarmament, convened at the initiative of Russia.

Russia in the 20th century

1901–1902 - The creation of the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles. 1903 - II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party. 1903 - Creation of the "Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists". 1904–1905 - Russo-Japanese War. 1904, August. - The battle near the city of Liaoyang. 1904, September. - Battle on the Shahe River. January 9, 1905 - Bloody Sunday. Beginning of the first Russian revolution. 1905–1907 - The first Russian revolution. February 1905 - The defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden. May 1905 - The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima. 1905, June. - Uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky". 1905, August. - The conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the results of the Russo-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway. 1905 October 17 – Publication of the Manifesto “On the improvement of the state order”. 1905 November - Creation of the "Union of the Russian people". 1905 December. - Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities. 1906 April–July - Activities of the First State Duma. November 9, 1906 - Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform. 1907 February–June - Activities of the II State Duma. June 3, 1907 - Dissolution of the II State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3 coup). 1907–1912 - Activities of the III State Duma. 1907, August - Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formalization of the Entente alliance. 1912 - Lena execution. 1912–1917 - Activities of the IV State Duma. 1914, August 1 - 1918, November 9. - World War I. 1915, August. – Creation of the Progressive block. May 1916 - Brusilovsky breakthrough. February 1917 - February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia. March 2, 1917 - Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government. May 1917 - Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government. 1917, June. - Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. 1917, July. - Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government. 1917, August. - Kornilov rebellion. 1917, September 1st. - Proclamation of Russia as a republic. 1917 October 24–26 - Armed uprising in Petrograd. The overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). The adoption of decrees on peace and land. 1918, January. - Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. March 3, 1918 - The conclusion of the Brest peace between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The agreement was canceled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany. 1918–1920 - Civil war in Russia. 1918 - Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR. 1918–1921 March - The Soviet government's policy of "war communism". 1918, July - The execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg. 1920–1921 - Anti-Bolshevik uprisings of peasants in the Tambov and Voronezh regions ("Antonovshchina"), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia. 1921, March - The conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus departed to Poland. 1921 February–March - The uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of "war communism". March 1921 - X Congress of the RCP (b). Transition to NEP. 1922 - Genoa Conference. December 30, 1922 - Formation of the USSR. 1924 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR. 1925, December - XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course for the industrialization of the country. Defeat of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev Opposition". 1927, December - XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Proclamation of a course towards the collectivization of agriculture. 1928–1932 - The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. 1929 - Beginning of complete collectivization. 1930 - Completion of the construction of Turksib. 1933–1937 - The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR. 1934 - Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations. 1934, December 1st. - The murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions. 1936 - Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR ("victorious socialism"). 1939, 23 August. - Signing a non-aggression pact with Germany. 1939, September 1 - 1945, September 2. - The Second World War. 1939, November - 1940, March. - Soviet-Finnish war. 1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9. - The Great Patriotic War. 1941 July–September - Battle of Smolensk. 1941, December 5-6 - The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow. November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943. - The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War. 1943, July - August. - Battle of Kursk. 1943, September - December. - The battle for the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War. 1943, November 28 - December 1. - Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain. 1944, January. - The final liquidation of the blockade of Leningrad. 1944 January–February - Korsun Shevchenko operation. 1944, June - August - Operation for the liberation of Belarus ("Bagration"). 1944, July - August - Lvov-Sandomierz operation. 1944, August - Iasi Chisinau operation. 1945, January - February - Vistula-Oder operation. 1945, February 4-11 - Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain. 1945, April - May - Berlin operation. April 25, 1945 - Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops. May 8, 1945 - The surrender of Germany. 1945, July 17 - August 2 - Berlin (Potsdam) conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain. 1945, August - September - The defeat of Japan. The signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. End of World War II. 1946 - Beginning of the Cold War. 1948 - Severance of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia. 1949 - The beginning of the campaign against "cosmopolitanism". 1949 - Establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). 1949 - Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR. March 5, 1953 - Death of J.S. Stalin. 1953, August. - Report on the testing of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR. 1953, September - 1964, October. - The election of N. S. Khrushchev as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. He was removed from his posts in October 1964. 1954 - The Obninsk NPP was put into operation. 1955 - Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). February 1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences." 1956 October–November - Uprising in Hungary; crushed by Soviet troops. October 4, 1957 - The launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite. April 12, 1961 - Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space. 1961, October. - XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - a program for building communism. 1962 - Caribbean crisis. 1962, June. – Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting demonstration of workers. 1963, August. - The signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space. 1965 - The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygin. 1968 - Entering the troops of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia. May 1972 – Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA. 1975 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). 1979 - Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA. 1979–1989 – “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan. 1980, July - August. - Olympic Games in Moscow. March 1985 - Election of MS Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. April 26, 1986 - The Chernobyl accident. 1987 - The conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate and shorter range missiles. 1988 - XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for the reform of the political system. 1989, May - June. - First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. March 1990 - Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR MS Gorbachev President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of the 6th article. June 12, 1990 - The Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted. June 12, 1991 - Election of Boris N. Yeltsin as President of the RSFSR. July 1991 – Signing of the treaty between the USSR and the USA on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START 1). 1991, August 19–21 - Attempted coup d'état (GKChP). December 8, 1991 - Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS. December 25, 1991 - Addition of MS Gorbachev powers of the President of the USSR. 1992 - The beginning of the radical economic reform of E. T. Gaidar. 1993, January. – Signing of the treaty between Russia and the United States on the reduction of strategic offensive arms (START 2). 1993 October 3–4 - Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow. December 12, 1993 - Elections to the Federal Assembly - the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation. 1994 - Accession of the Russian Federation to the NATO program "Partnership for Peace". 1994, December. - The beginning of large-scale actions against Chechen separatists. 1996 - Russia's accession to the Council of Europe. July 1996 - Election of Boris N. Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term). 1997 - Creation of the state TV channel "Culture" on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev. 1998, August. – Financial crisis in Russia (default). 1999, September. - The beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya. March 2000 - Election of VV Putin as President of the Russian Federation. 2000 - Awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh. I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies. 2002 - Treaty between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads. 2003 – Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to A. A. Abrikosov and V. L. Ginzburg for their work in the field of quantum physics, in particular for studies of superconductivity and superfluidity. March 2004 - Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term). 2005 - Creation of the Public Chamber. 2006 - Launch of a program of national projects in agriculture, housing, health and education. March 2008 - Election of D. A. Medvedev as President of the Russian Federation. 2008, August - The invasion of Georgian troops into South Ossetia. Conducting an operation by the Russian army to force Georgia to peace. Russia's recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. 2008, November - Adoption of a law on increasing the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

The Russian Federation is the state that ranks first in terms of area and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from disparate principalities to a candidate for a superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?

In our article we will consider the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mention of it until the end of the twentieth century.

IX - X century

For the first time the word "Rus" is mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Tsargrad (Constantinople) and the plunder of its environs. According to researchers, more than eight thousand people participated in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they could not give a worthy rebuff. “The Russ left with impunity,” reports the chronicler.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes were invited to rule Rurik.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a new ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It is from this time that the official written history of Rus' begins.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik's successor, conquers Kyiv and makes it a "capital city". This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went to the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, drevlyans, radimichi pay tribute not to the kaganate, but to the prince of Kyiv.

We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went to the Pechenegs (920) and to Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became Prince of Kyiv. Together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, he is collecting a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the tribes of Serbs and Bulgarians on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the campaigns mentioned above, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Earlier, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and was misunderstood by her surroundings. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

So, in 988, a series of ceremonies were held to baptize most of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so by force.

The last important date in the tenth century is the construction of the Church of the Tithes. It was with the help of this building that Christianity finally took root in Kyiv at the state level.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife begins.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later called the Wise, sat on the throne in Kyiv. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign, Kievan Rus practically reaches the level of European states.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiles one of the most famous codes - Yaroslav's Truth. This is the oldest part of Russkaya Pravda.

For five years, starting from 1030, he erected the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, in 1037, the construction of the famous temple - St. Sophia of Kyiv - began. It was completed in 1041.

After a campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kyiv prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. Izyaslav ruled from 1054 to 1068. Further, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics, he is referred to as Volga.

In view of the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, the properties of a werewolf are attributed to him in folk tales. In epics, he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname of the Wizard.

Listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the Pravda Yaroslavichi in 1072 and the Izbornik of Svyatoslav in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is Russkaya Pravda. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second - in 1072. This collection contains the norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance law.

The last event worth mentioning within the framework of the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only his patrimony.

12th century

Oddly enough, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunification of the ancient Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot but mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that rallied the Eastern Slavs and created the prerequisites for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His son Mstislav Vladimirovich became his successor.

During the years of the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually move away. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While the struggle for power was going on here, caused by the collapse of the Kievan state, the unification of Spain and several crusades were being carried out in Western Europe.

In Rus', the following happened. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was destined to later become the capital of a united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by an even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Rus' is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu's campaigns, which is given below, as well as maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the failure of many princes in matters of military operations.

Campaigns of Khan Batu

The Council of the Mongol khans decides to start a campaign against Rus', the army was led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan	1235
The defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols	1236
The subjugation of the Polovtsy and the beginning of the campaign against Rus'	1237
Siege and capture of Ryazan	December 1237
Fall of Kolomna and Moscow	January 1238
Capture of Vladimir by the Mongols	3-7 February 1238
The defeat of the Russian troops on the City River and the death of the Prince of Vladimir	March 4, 1238
The fall of the city of Torzhok, the return of the Mongols to the steppe	March 1238
Beginning of the siege of Kozelsk	March 25, 1238
Rest of the Mongolian army in the Don steppes	summer 1238
The fall of Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorokhovets	autumn 1238
The invasion of Batu into the southern Russian principalities, the fall of Putivl, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov	summer 1239
The siege and capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars	5-6 September 1240

Several stories are known when the inhabitants of the cities were able to give a heroic rebuff to the invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Regarding Kozelsk, this is just a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Batu Khan, who from 1237 to 1240 ravaged North-Eastern Rus', was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of its defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince and governor. At this time, the grandson of Mstislav, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the capture of the fortress by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground, and all the inhabitants were killed. No mercy was given to infants or frail old people.

After this battle, other important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion relate exclusively to the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, there was a battle near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kyiv also fell.

In 1243, the state of the Mongols, the Golden Horde, was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take a "label for reigning" from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time there is a completely different picture. Swedish and German troops are advancing on Rus'. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240 he defeats the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he utterly defeats the German knights (the so-called Battle on the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Rus' took place. They were directed against objectionable princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252, and in 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Rus'.

Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.

14th century

More significant dates in the history of Russia belong to the fourteenth century. In 1325 Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So by 1340, some lands join Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita becomes the Grand Duke.

In 1326 Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“black death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reaches Rus' in 1352. She killed a lot of people.

Mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth dwelling on the events associated with Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. For two years, starting from 1367, the stone Kremlin in Moscow was being built. It was because of this that she was later called "white-stone".

By the end of the fourteenth century, Rus' finally got out of the dominion of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) are important events. These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone's rule.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathers a large army and ravages Moscow.

This was the last catastrophe associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Rus' was finally freed from their yoke only after a century. But during this time, no one else disturbed its borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroys the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in civil strife. Over the years, Vasily I and Vasily II Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a bit reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Outwardly, the political activities of the temporary rulers are connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes raided. Some princelings were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife turned out to be that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small specific lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kyiv and All Rus' were proclaimed here. That is, the dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, in 1458 the separation of the Moscow metropolis from the Kyiv metropolis took place.

Discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the annals under the name This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered "the mystical intercession of the Virgin." gathered a large army and marched against Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But the battle did not come. After a long stand of troops against each other, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found out that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow principality becomes a fully sovereign state.

Similar in importance was the year 1552 in the history of Russia. We will talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.

16th century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) join Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it is mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at that time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by the Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, John Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemstvo councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

Noteworthy is the year 1552 in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the khanate to the Muscovite state. In addition to him, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognizes himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, severed all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke turns his eyes to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that have begun to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Yermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became the real king only in 1598, after the death of Fyodor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the line of Rurikovich was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605), the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.

17th century

The most important event was 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Moscow kingdom. In foreign policy there are conflicts with Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnitsky.

There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Salt), 1662 (Copper), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, for seven decades there was a process of formation of a single state, in which different institutions "grinded" to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that the year 1613 in the history of Russia was the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Peter Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

18th century

The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia only knew - the 18th century. The founding dates of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, the land gentry corps. In 1755 Moscow University was founded. These are just some of the events that show the powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was transferred from the "old" Moscow to the "young" Petersburg. In addition, in 1721 Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those who are interested in the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

In the nineteenth century, the country entered a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, the Commonwealth.

19th century

If the cultural and military growth of the state became a feature of the previous century, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

Dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the attempts of the authorities to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, there are many reforms aimed at further enslavement of ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship (1865), and universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy is striving for the maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - an uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the positions of the Social Democrats are strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.

20th century

Despite the wars, catastrophes and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. The history of Russia until that time did not know such a nightmare that the Bolsheviks staged in the first quarter of the century.

The revolution of 1905 and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, his family was captured and shot in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar upheaval and devastation marked another 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social catastrophes of enormous proportions. These are the famine in 1932-1933 and the repressions in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR enters World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 was a turning point in the history of Russia. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all the dreams of a "bright future" under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn life from scratch in a market economy in the new state.

Thus, we, dear friends, briefly walked through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the questions of the future are stored in the lessons of the past.